Abstract
Nigella sativa L. (black cumin) has been recognized for its medicinal properties for centuries, and recent studies have highlighted its bioactive components for their anticancer potential. Key constituents such as thymoquinone, nigellone, and alpha-hederin have been shown to exert significant anticancer effects in animal cell lines. These effects include the modulation of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and the inhibition of metastasis, making these components promising candidates for cancer therapy. Preclinical studies indicate that Nigella sativa targets multiple cancer hallmarks, including evading apoptosis, promoting proliferative signaling, and modulating inflammation and oxidative stress. However, several challenges limit its clinical translation. The primary limitations include poor bioavailability of thymoquinone, variability in the concentration of bioactive components due to cultivation and extraction methods, and the lack of large-scale clinical trials. To address these issues, strategies such as nanoparticle encapsulation and liposomal formulations are being explored to enhance bioavailability. Standardizing extraction methods and further investigating the molecular mechanisms of Nigella sativa’s anticancer effects are also critical steps toward clinical application. Additionally, its potential to act synergistically with conventional chemotherapy offers opportunities for integrative cancer therapies. In conclusion, while Nigella sativa holds significant promise as a complementary therapeutic agent in cancer treatment, overcoming these challenges is crucial for its effective clinical use.
Keywords: Anticancer, Apoptosis, Bioavailability, Chemotherapy, Thymoquinone, Nigella sativa